Safety at the Construction Sites

Presentation Construction industry is among the biggest enterprises on the planet. It includes reconstructing of crushed territories either by characteristic or man-made disasters (E-realities 1). The business fuses labor, administrations and interchanges to address the issues and desires for individuals in the world.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Safety at the Construction Sites explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even with the ongoing mechanical progression, development industry despite everything stays number one hirers of human work. Measurements shows that it covers about 9% to 12% of the worlds’ working country. It is relied upon to ascend to 20% by 2015. As per study done by development Industry (NACE part F), the development contributed roughly EUR 470 billion to the eu-15 economy. This speaks to about 5.2% of the GDP of the EU-15. Furthermore, study by Labor Force Survey in 2002 demonstrated that development pa rt utilized about 12.7 Million specialists which spoke to about 7.9% of the EU-15. The development business has developed constantly at a consistent pace of 9% (European Agency for Safety and Health Work 3). Notwithstanding, this constant development and movement in the business accompanies a cost to pay. There such a significant number of mishaps recorded in the business. It is hard to give a measurable number of mishaps in the business as very enormous number of the mishaps goes undetected and unreported. All things considered, it is affirmed that most nations, deadly mishaps in the development mishaps surpass those in other assembling ventures. Elements that add to the mishaps incorporate the idea of the workplace, for example, presentation to climate and are regularly of over short life developments. Moreover, there are high extent of uninsured firms and independently employed laborers. As a matter of fact, the business has countless occasional and transients laborers. Regularly these laborers are new to the development standards and procedures (ILO 1). Falls at the development Falls from developments are extremely hazardous. Contingent upon the tallness through which an individual is probably going to fall and the sort of surface on which the falling individual is probably going to fall. This requires an intense necessity for the development organizations to execute in order to guarantee that representatives are all around secured. Visiting most building site one would see one regular factor-carelessness on defensive measures by the laborers. Meeting them and you would understand that they scarcely realize anything with respect to fall protection.Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on work law? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, on a specific Friday of the year, an estimator visited building site A to take a gander at a cedar shake rooftop to assess the expense of the development. Addressing a director of the site, he moved to the rooftop through open bay window by ascending a metal expansion stepping stool. He was unconscious that the contractual worker really had utilized a sheet of slender protecting rooftop material to cover three 2 by 6 foot bay window openings in the rooftop. He ventured onto the protecting material and pooof! He arrived on his back 15 feet beneath. As the manager and the workers heard the estimator fall, they rushed to the area of mishap. The estimator was hurried to the clinic five minutes after the fact with genuine spinal wounds. In this situation, who ought to be considered dependable of the episode? What ought to be gained from this situation to guarantee security at the building site? (Geigle 7). From this contextual analysis and numerous others not referenced here, obviously falls comprise the significant wounds at the building locales. These mishaps are by and large encouraged by countless variables. This requires the foundatio n of standard for fall assurance. Wellbeing norms have been built up and been overhauled to keep representatives from tumbling off at the building destinations: â€Å"The rule covers most development laborers with the exception of those reviewing, researching, or surveying working environment conditions preceding the real beginning of work or after the sum total of what work has been completed† (OSHA 1). These norms are utilized to discover the zones where laborers require fortification against falls. These could incorporate however not constrained to unearthings, walkways. Runways unprotected sides and edges, material work, divider openings among others (OSHA 1). Significance of building up wellbeing in the building site According to the European Survey of Working Conditions in 2000, the normal pace of non-attendance in the development business is supposed to be 30 million days every year. This suggests a normal of 7.3 long periods of sickness nonattendance from work environ ment is accounted for. Out of this, 32% of the truants are because of mishaps related sicknesses, 28% are non mishap however business related complexities and a 40% non work, no-mishap related medical problems. European Statistics on Accidents at work (ESAW) in 2000 uncovered that there are around 822 thousands mishaps instances of which 1200 of them are lethal mishaps in the EU-15.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Safety at the Construction Sites explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This suggests about 18% of nonfatal mishaps and 24% deadly mishaps at work place are accounted for every year. This figure isn't comprehensive as the majority of parts don't report the mishaps, for example, open division and independently employed segments. For the most part, it very well may be inferred that there are numerous different mishaps in the building locales and that the frequency pace of non deadly mishaps at work is a twofold contrasted with the lethal. Of these mishaps portrayed above in the development business, around 200 laborers kick the bucket from falls at the building locales. Around 100 000 experience the ill effects of extreme wounds. These lethal mishaps and wounds have prompted the foundation of guidelines to deal with the wellbeing, for example, OSHA standard for fall insurance (European Agency for Safety and Health Work 3). The assurance is required in light of the fact that the representatives at the building locales can lose grasp and slip or can outing and stumble at whenever. Feeling that the laborers reflexes should manage and secure him is ridiculous as individuals fall unintentionally and may endure genuine harm or even pass on. A large portion of falls detailed at the building destinations results from stepping stools, rooftops and frameworks. They are frequently brought about by loss of funds to be paid to stumbling, miscounted steps and slipping. The most well-known sorts of falls the buildi ng locales incorporates tumbles from stepping stools, rooftops, writing material vehicles, tumbles down steps, from frameworks and from supports and auxiliary prepares among others. This requires a fall assurance norms to be stressed at the building destinations to ease the passionate, physical and practical enduring experienced by the influenced singular, his relations the contractual worker and the legislature everywhere (Geigle 18). Improvement of wellbeing and solid working conditions is extremely basic to all partners in the business and the legislature. Wellbeing measures are on the whole endeavors arranged and executed with the expectation of forestalling mishaps and sick wellbeing. On numerous occasions, the development chiefs have been managing variables to limit wounds to the laborers. They overlook that improving the working states of the worker upgrades indeed the wellbeing of the representative. This is on the grounds that in any development industry there are more haza rdous episodes than wounds themselves. Along these lines, wellbeing the executives alludes to all exercises completed with the targets of guaranteeing nature is protected, the activity itself is and in guaranteeing the laborers themselves are security cognizant. Effective security the executives framework should center at a) preparation the representatives at all levels on the key activities, for example, crane tasks, scaffolders among others b) set up a protected methodology to follow in the event of perilous tasks c) distinguish the obligations and duties of the bosses and key specialists d) build up the techniques that will be utilized to crusade for wellbeing and wellbeing (ILO 3).Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on work law? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Consequently, it is everybody’s job to forestall falls at the development business. For example, the businesses ought to acclimate themselves with every expected risk at the site and kill them promptly to guarantee there are no frequencies of falls; and on the off chance that they happen, it will leave nobody harmed. Bosses ought to likewise accentuate the significance of safe practices, for example, legitimate hardware use and give boost trainings on the wellbeing the executives strategies. Representatives then again ought to follow work safe practices; utilize the machines and types of gear suitably. They ought to effectively take part in the security the executives preparing and receive what realized into their every day activities. The representatives ought to likewise be in a situation to recognize what protected and risky practice is and distinguish the exercises that expansion fall chances so as to control introduction to fall perils. Different experts partner with the people at the work spot ought to likewise teach on wellbeing the executives trainings. These incorporate modelers, engineers, investigators, assessors and others. Designers and specialists should prepare different laborers on the dangers that open them to falls during each period of the task. Also, as they plan the developments, they ought to consider fall assurance among other security necessities required during the whole venture (Excavation 1). The proprietors and the supervisors ought to guarantee that the controllers of the venture are familiar sufficiently on measures and falls insurance aptitudes. They should demand establishment of safe haven. The producers of the hardware ought to guarantee that the types of gear

Video review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video audit - Essay Example The main explanation goes this way; In the event that the US truly needed to topple Saddam from Iraq and introduce a genuine majority rule government, they could have sponsored up the famous uprising that occurred soon after the principal Gulf War. All things considered as opposed to helping the people groups revolt, US held on and permitted Saddams powers to violently pulverize all resistance. Saddam could have been out numerous years prior yet through my eyes, US government discovered him commendable as a majority rules system emerging from such a revolt would be one that they couldn't control and control. As a US resident I am extremely scared of this circumstance and don’t need US government to make this sort of connivances. Besides; â€Å"Iran is supporting three Shiite radical gatherings in Iraq that have been endeavoring to assault US bases, Said General Ray Odierno, the top US administrator in Iraq. Be that as it may, there’s a contention concerning the previous 4 years the US military has censured Iran for supporting fierce enemy of US bunches working in Iraq, yet has been not able to show an unmistakable connection with the administration in Tehran.† Therefore, as I would like to think US will initially use Iran to get Iraq in hold, and afterward will run its powers onto Iran to confine it too as Iran is by all accounts arriving in an exceptionally solid position. Uncommonly on account of having the atomic force Iran is viewed as an indication of peril. The United States specialists need to make Iraq a force player to hold Iran under tight restraints in the West, Afghanistan to hold it in line in the East. The first objective was to free Iraq and attack Iran from that point. With the exception of evacuating Saddam, which made a force vacuum. In this way, US will get the chance to rebuild Iran from the beginning as indicated by their exact specifications. 3. The Worst situation that can be looked by the two nations among one another is war. Anyway this is the thing that American government constantly needed. One of the plans of US was to make Israel and the Arab world joined to attack or hinder Iran. Anyway for Iran, another most dire outcome imaginable would be to pre-emptively shell Israel

Fall 2017 New Students Series Esteban Angel COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2017 New Students Series Esteban Angel COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In todays installment of our  New Students Series were welcoming Esteban Angel from Bogota, Colombia. Esteban studied mechanical engineering at Universidad De Los Andes, and  he hopes to be a leader in the energy policy field one day. He admits that he cried after reading his acceptance letter, and he is excited about living in his dream city. Were excited to meet you, too, Esteban! Full Name: Esteban Angel Age: 29 Degree Program: Master of Public Administration Concentration: Energy and Environment Hometown: Bogota, Capital District, Colombia Undergraduate University: Universidad De Los Andes Undergraduate Major: Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Graduation Year: 2012 What’s your professional background? My professional background is in consultancy and private equity, both focused on social and economic development. I worked for two years in Compartamos con Colombia (www.compartamos.org) a non-profit consulting firm focused on positive social impact projects in Colombia. Then I moved to Bamboo Capital Partners (www.bamboocp.com) an impact investing private equity firm specialising in investing in business models that benefit low-income communities in emerging markets, where I currently work. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? I want to gain experience in the energy sector, this may imply a career change but not necessarily. I want to learn a lot about energy policy but this can be implemented both in the public or private sector e.g. a private equity firm focused in renewables. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? I must accept that I was so happy that I cried. Why did you say yes to SIPA? Because it is the program/university which I most wanted and also because I have always dreamed about living in NYC. What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? Meeting amazing people and living in a wonderful city, while learning a lot from teachers and their courses. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? None What are your goals after SIPA? My main goal is to become a leader in renewable energy policy and implementation. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? Well, it is not a small thing, but definitely, I will eradicate the internal conflict and violence in my country, Colombia. Tell us something interesting about yourself: I like a lot knowing new people and travelling. Im also a big soccer and biking fan. Looking forward to meeting seeples with whom I can play soccer and ride, in NYC and surroundings. Share your story by completing  the New Student Self-Interview Form  today! [Photo courtesy of Esteban Angel] *Note: This series is published in its original form with no editing.

Psychology of Serial Killers - 1430 Words

We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands we are everywhere. And there will be more of your children dead tomorrow. Theodore Robert Bundy In the past decade, Americans and researchers have given more and more of their attention to serial killers. The United States alone has contributed about 85% of the worlds serial killers. It has been said that they come in many different forms. Society has many words for serial killers. Holmes and DeBurger define serial murders as consisting of repetitive killings which are one-on-one with rare exception, where the relationship between victims and the offender is that of a stranger or slight acquaintance, and the motivation to kill and apparent motives are lacking. (Serial†¦show more content†¦Bundy did have a long term relationship with a woman, but their sexual life was not normal. Bundy often demanded bizarre sexual actions. He displaced his sexual anger to his victims. The unacceptable urge is vented in a manner which is acceptable to his ego and superego. The ego acts as a go-between in the ids relations with reality, often suppressing the ids urges until an ap propriate situation arises, (Gleitman, p. 119), and the superego which is the third part of the unconscious that is formed through the learned moral standards of parents and society. It censors and restrains the ego. Now where did Bundy get such a twisted idea of what was acceptable to his superego? It is not completed until about seven years of age. In some people, it never is completed. This could be an explanation for Bundys behavior. Bundys adult behavior begs the question, where did he get these ideas? Freud takes adult behaviors and personalities and looks back at that persons childhood and finds a problem during the development stages. A child at a given stage of development has certain needs and demands, such as the need of the infant to nurse. Frustration occurs when these needs are not met; overindulgence comes from such a sufficient meeting of these needs that the child is unwilling to progressShow MoreRelated The Psychology of Serial Killers Essay1687 Words   |   7 PagesThe Psychology of Serial Killers Many things today confuse, yet enthrall the masses. War, murder, medical science, incredible rescues, all things you would see on The History Channel. There is another topic that is also made into documentaries however, serial killers. Dark twisted people that commit multiple murders are of interest to the population, but what caused them to be this way. What horrible tragic set of events could twist a man to murder one or many people. Could Schizophrenia, psychopathyRead More The Psychology Behind the Serial Killer Essay3244 Words   |  13 PagesThe Psychology Behind the Serial Killer Creeping around the shadowy house, the predator found its prey waking to strange sounds. The victim lay facedown, with a sweating forehead pressed fearfully into the pillow, silently praying the noises would just go away. Suddenly the victim found himself straddled and pinned to the bed. He was unable to scream for help due to the pressure of the handle of a pick-axe against his throat, preventing any breath from escaping, much less any sound. TheRead MoreThe Psychology of Serial Killers Today Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual. In the case of serial killers, there has been some debate on whether the evil ones are made or born; does it happen because of a genetic factor, environmental factor, or is it simply they addicted to the feeling of slaughtering another individual’s life? Although, the most important key in finding the truth deals with the past and shapes the outcome of the future. Upon viewing in a psychological stance, there is no clear understanding of why one aspect that most serial killers share, namely psychopathyRead MoreEssay about Using Psychology to Find Serial Killers2550 Words   |  11 Pages Serial killers have been ravaging society for centuries, even before Jack the Ripper. For every effect there is a cause, there always is a reason for why people do things. On the topic of serial offences it will always lead back to what drove the perpetrator there. When any crime is committed it can be a simple reason such as lust or money. When a serial crime is committed it means there is more to it than just an accident, they like what they are doing. To find and catch these horrific individualsRead MoreSerial Killers Statistics : Serial Killer Statistics Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 23). Serial killer statistics. Retrieved July 28, 2016 fromhttp://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Serial%20Killer%20Information%20Center/Serial%20Killer%20Statistics.pdf This article covers serial killers statistics. Many table reports are illustrated with the sole purpose to demonstrate accurate information about serial killers. The tables indicate the frequency (by decade) and the number of separate serial killers operating in any given year in the USA. Beasley II, J. O. (2004). Serial Murder inRead More Serial Killers: Monsters or Mentally Ill Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pages Studies show that traits of a serial killer can be seen in a person at a very young age. Most warning signs go unnoticed which is why the growth of the killer continues. A thing such as animal cruelty is one of many clues inside the growth of a serial killers mind â€Å"They often start out their careers by maiming, harming, and torturing small animals.† â€Å"In extreme cases, they have been known to spend hours inflicting a slow death on animals...this is a form of control that allows them the power toRead MoreThe Medical Field And The Science Field942 Words   |  4 PagesSerial killers often are torn between their mental stability and their immoral actions. Mental issues are widely overlooked in the medical field and in the science world. Psychology does not seem to be an objective science to the majority of the world, and the brain is one of the arduous organs to study in the body. Not much detail is known about how the brain works and why it works the way it does, as the study of the human brain is still a relatively new field in the medical and science field.Read MoreEssay The Making of a Serial Killer, An Annotated Bibliography1410 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Brogaard, Berit. The Making of a Serial Killer. Psychology Today. Sussex Directories, Inc., 7 Dec. 2012. Web. 03 May 2014. Berit Brogaard, D.M.Sci., Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy and the Director of the Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research at the University of Miami. She earned a medical degree in neuroscience and a doctorate in philosophy. This article explained the traits of a psychopath, such as their callous, manipulative, and cunning behavior, along withRead MoreSerial Killers And The Serial Killer1566 Words   |  7 Pagesthe serial killer is ultimately unknown, many researchers agree about â€Å"one-half of 1%† of homicides are determined to be the product of serial killers (Homant Kennedy, 2014). In order to prevent future victims, improve the ability of law enforcement to detect and apprehend, potentially incorporate treatment for current serial killers, and increase the ability to detect potential future serial killers it is important to identify characteristics that may cause one to become a serial killer. TheRead MoreEssay on Robert Ressler Coined the Term Serial Killer1131 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands, we are everywhere. And there will be more of your children dead tomorrow.† (Ted Bundy). Serial killers are not always those people that look like monsters or behave in strangeous ways. Sometimes they are the successful people, the ones that have a family and a job. The term â€Å"Serial Killer† was first coined by Robert Ressler, former director of the FBI’s Violent Criminal Apprehension Program. Serial killers are often defined as people that

The Political Essay Topics Stories

The Political Essay Topics Stories Top Political Essay Topics Secrets If you strive to demonstrate each and every potential part that could cause the political event you're describing, our editors will restore your content to make sure the principal focus is on big things while the essay has a fairly clear picture. Hopefully, with a bit of guidance, you're able to successfully transition from a very good writer, to a superb one. At times, a writer would like to have some enjoyable, or a teacher or professor wishes to present his students a break. If you're seeking a specialist essay writer, you're in the suitable position! You may discover something that you can use, or something it is possible to adapt for the particular guidelines of your paper. One of the greatest strategies to get inspired for finding a fantastic topic is seeing other wonderful examples. When you are requested to take a political science class, you probably feel that it's a waste of time and it isn't something you will use in the actual world. It can be immensely rewarding if it's something relevant to the present political scene. Though there isn't a recognized way for producing a superb conclusion certain rules must be followed. If you're seeking to obtain a dissertation on line through Ultius, you then've arrive at the suitable spot. While you have little time and the sum of pages, it's imperative not to bite more than you can chew. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. The Ultimate Political Essay Topics Trick Obviously, satire essay topics can be difficult to think of. The essay has to be written inside an objective and analytical fashion, with appropriate use of example and evidence to substantiate the statements. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. Usually, the political essays are primarily written in order to provide a thorough analysis of the practices employed by the politicians. Political essays are indispensable for the writing of research papers as they are in a position to supply the student with a transparent insight of the area of political science. Selecting a topic for an essay is an essential part of any type of essay. Sociology is, undoubtedly, a fascinating subject, particularly if you're fortunate enough to find a progressive-thinking professor. Needless to say, writing satire isn't simple. Essentially, if your college instructor lets you know to produce satire ideas, or you feel that using satire is likely to make your essay interesting, then it's fine to explore satire topics. Technically, a satire essay is not a form of essay. The author handled to earn a strong dissertation for the entire paper along with dissertation sentences for personal dances. The ideal portion about creating an educational essay might be the huge assortment of topics you can select from. As soon as you have brainstormed the ideas and produce a couple topics, it's a good idea that you inspect the resources offered and discover out whether there is any you can utilize to compose a well-researched paper. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. Read tips about ways to enhance your writing style and precisely how to ensure it's interesting. Most of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays also, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. Compose in a number of sentences, so it's easy for the audience to grasp. There are a couple of main things you want to learn before you even begin picking social issues essay topics. Remember that in the event that you're likely to use satire, it's also advisable to utilize caution. Therefore, every paper needs to be written carefully. A post should not be simply a listing. Just take a look at All Newsgroups page What do you would like to say. A topic is very good only if you've got enough materials that you are able to utilize to think of an interesting and fact-rich paper.

Central African Republic Free Essays

Central African Republic is the landlocked country located in the center of Africa. The country lies largely in the savanna zone of Africa. The north part is treeless, whereas the southern portion of the country contains dense tropical rainforests. We will write a custom essay sample on Central African Republic or any similar topic only for you Order Now The climate is too bad and moist because it covered with waterways and mountains. The population of the country is moderately populated. Agriculture is the largest sector and basis of Central African Republic because it situated on a fertile pleatue and abundant in water resources. So, in upcoming paragraph I will explain the population growth, components of population growth, total fertility rate, life expectancy and population pyramid of the Central African Republic in the year 1997, 2017 and 2037. In 2017 the population of the Central African Republic is increasing because the death rate is low constant and low during this year. On the other hand the birth rate is also decreasing but still higher than the death rate. According to, demographic transition theory the country is in phase 3 which is called transitional stage. Demographic transition is a model of population change in which high birth and death rates are replaced by low birth and death rates (Knox, Marston and imort .p.g.90). This happens due to improvements in hygiene (e.g. Availability of clean water and basic sanitation), nutrition and health services. Besides the decreasing birth rate; the population is still high due to the change in family pattern and also government spend less money on child benefits and maternal grants. The most common way for demographers to graphically represent the composition of the population is an age-sex pyramid, which is a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex. In an age-sex pyramid of Central African Republic there is baby boom appears in all the three years. Moreover, there is high fertility rate and low mortality rate in all three years. The average life expectancy (average no.of years a member can expect to live at current death rates.) of the people is 70 years and the death rate is approximately same in all the three years.in 2037 there is high dependency rate as compared to other years because there is more people in the youth charot than the people in the working class.(census, bureau). As according to population pyramid graph of the Central African Republic they predict that In 2037, there will be high population in the age group of 0-14 as compared to the other age group because birth rate seems to be increasing in the years 2017and 2037 and due to this there is more people in younger age group as compared to working class.Similarly,in 2037 this younger age group grow up and join the workforce but still there is high population in younger age group and consistency appears in the people of old age group. And due to this there is high dependency rate in the year 2037(census bureau). A demographic transition is a â€Å"model of population change in which high birth and death rates are replaced by low birth rate and death rates† (Knox, Marston Imort pg.90). According to demographic transition theory in 2017, Population of Central African Republic lies in transitional phase (phase 3). Population trend increase in the year 2017 whereas birth rate and death rate decrease. Total population of demographic republic was 5,625,118 and its birth rate was 34.3 and death rate 13.2 this is because of industrialization. Most people focus on their carrier and they believe in family planning because due to industrialization life become more expensive.(census, bureau) Economic: Subsistence agriculture, together with forestry and mining, remains the backbone of the economy of the Central African Republic (CAR), with about 60% of the population living in outlying areas. The agricultural sector generates more than half of GDP. Timber and diamonds account for most export earnings, followed by cotton. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR’s landlocked geography, poor transportation system, largely unskilled work force, and legacy of misdirected macroeconomic policies. Factional fighting between the government and its opponents remains a drag on economic revitalization. Distribution of income is extraordinarily unequal. Grants from France and the international community can only partially meet humanitarian needs (2018, economy and trade). Due to the poor facilities people are not able to survive longer and the population seems to be less in the old age group. Social: Gender equality is only a dream for women in the Central African Republic, although, in comparison to other countries in the sub-region, the country has made a lot of progress. Women are treated as inferior to men both economically and socially, and women in rural areas suffer more discrimination than their urban counterparts. About 60 to 70 percent of urban women attend primary school as opposed to 10 to 20 percent of their rural counterparts. As the CFR is the developing country there is equal participation of the male and females in workforce appears in the year 2017 and 2037 as compared to 1997( 2018,women in business). On the home front, the entire family is involved in infant care. Infants are traditionally weaned only when they are about two years. There are only a few childcare units, and Christian missionary schools typically operate them. Due to these facilities available to them they are able to have more child. In its survey of 191 countries, the World Health Organization ranked the Central African Republic’s health care system second from the bottom in overall performance. Medical facilities are extremely limited in the Central African Republic, and the quality of care is unreliable.  Sanitation levels are low, and drinking unfiltered tap water is inadvisable.  About 25 percent of funding for health care in the country comes from outside aid (2018, health care). Due to this people are unable to survive longer and their average life expectancy is less in all the three years. Environmental: Central African Republic is a landlocked country located north of the equator, in almost the precise center of Africa. The climate is largely tropical, however, there are differences between regions in the north and south of the country. In general the climate is hot with an average monthly temperature recorded in the capital, Bangui, of 25 °C (77 °F) or more all year-round(2018,climate). Due to bad climate condition there is less population in the tropical area. Over the next 15-20 years the biggest demographic challenge for this country is to increase the average life expectancy of the people so that the population growth is equal in all age groups. This is the biggest challenge because of poor health conditions and services and inadequate food distribution in society and as well as there is lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality rate ,high death rates and lower population growth going on currently in CFR. In the end, Central African Republic is progressing country and the government is working on providing better health and food facilities to the people and the population get balanced in all age groups in upcoming years. Due to this population will able to survive longer and more and more start joining the workforce. WORK CITED Central African Republic. (2018). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Central-African-Republic/108327#40682.toc Knox, P. I., Marston, S. A., ; Imort, M. (2015). Human geography: Places and regions in global context. Global Road Warriorâ„ ¢. (2018, October) Central African Republic: Economy and Trade. World Trade Press. Retrieved from www.globalroadwarrior.com/#mode=country;regionId=28;uri=country-content;nid=1.04;key=facts-economy Global Road Warriorâ„ ¢. (2018, October) Central African Republic: Women in Business. World Trade Press. Retrieved from www.globalroadwarrior.com/#mode=country;regionId=28;uri=country-content;nid=20.33;key=women-business Global Road Warriorâ„ ¢. (2018, October) Central African Republic: Climate. World Trade Press. Retrieved from www.globalroadwarrior.com/#mode=country;regionId=28;uri=country-content;nid=63;key=climate-overview U.S. Census Bureau.(2018). International Programs: International Data Base. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/datatools How to cite Central African Republic, Papers

The Circle of Life Essay Essay Example

The Circle of Life Essay Essay Black Elk introduces us to the â€Å"Circle of Life† position on clip. infinite. and being. which is common to many cardinal faiths. In this essay I will discourse this spiritual worldview and depict its apprehension and perceptual experiences of world. Contrast it to the more additive clip. infinite. and being constructs of modern cultural faiths. Last. I will compare Black Elk’s thoughts with the Christian position of nature and intent of Creation. This is the quotation mark from Black Elk. Ogala Sioux Holy Man. â€Å"You have noticed that everything and Indian does is in a circle and that is because the Power of the World ever works in circles. and everything attempts to be round†¦Everything the Power of the World does is done in a circle. The sky is round. and I have heard that the Earth is round like a ball. and so are all the stars. The air current. in its greatest power. commotions. Birds make their nests in circles. for theirs is the same faith as ours. The Sun comes away and goes down once more in a circle. The Moon does the same. and both are round like the nests of birds. and these were ever set in a circle. The nation’s hoop. a nest of many nests. where the Great Spirit meant for us to hatch our kids. † We will write a custom essay sample on The Circle of Life Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Circle of Life Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Circle of Life Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Circle of Life has many different significances for everyone. The circle of life Begins when we are born into the universe. When we are born there is a connexion to household. Our life continues in circles and our kids are taught in circles. I know that we all are familiar with the stating. what goes about. will come back around. Whatever we do to a individual will sooner or later come back in a circle. In the Word of God it states. â€Å"Be non lead on. God is non mocked for whatsoever a adult male soweth. that he shall besides harvest. † ( Galatians 6:7 NIV ) So we must retrieve whatever we do in life whether good or bad will come back in a circle. Harmonizing to our talk notes. â€Å"the universe is biocentric and all life vegetations and zoology is considered portion of a incorporate religious household in which all life. including worlds. unrecorded harmoniously. † ( Hopfe. 2005 ) In the cardinal universe worlds are non considered the focal point of creative activity and or non superior or given a high place to the remainder of creative activity. ( Hopfe. 2005 ) In this text we are introduced to how the Indian civilization perceives things in life. First and foremost they look at everything in a circle or to be round. For illustration the Earth is round or it forms a round gesture. and is shaped like a ball. The air current is shaped as a circle because it blows around and commotions. the Moon is round. even the season’s alteration on a twelvemonth unit of ammunition footing. Everything that the Indians expression at is in a round gesture. The Oglala Sioux constructs will neer alter ; they ever will travel on a common bison Hunt. the bison Hunts are one of their most effectual ways of life merely because they do non merely utilize the bison for eating intents but for other ways as good. Example they use the fells. castanetss. and other stuff for mundane life. Black Elk’s thoughts on the Christian point of view of nature and creative activity describe birds. and how they lay their eggs in a nest that is circle. and how everything is repeated in a circle. The intent of creative activity is to guarantee that everything is in a round gesture. and in a human point of view we birth our kids in the same manner to a certain grade. From how we birth our kids. raise our kids. and see our kids do the same thing for their kids like we did them. Everything is repeated. even though the twenty-four hours in age alterations everything is invariably on a repetition. In this essay I explained to you on how Black Elk perceived life to be in a round gesture. and the manner of life from the Sioux Indians all the manner unto how we look at everything. no affair what race. ethnicity or credo. everything is performed in a round gesture. The lone thing that may alter is the day of the month and clip. and everything else remains the same. MentionsHopfe. L. M. ( 2005 ) . Religions of the universe ( 9Life Application Study Bible ( NIV ) . ( 1997 ) Wheaton. IL. Tyndale House Publishers.

Lectio Divina (Genesis 18 1

Lectio Divina (Genesis 18 1 Interpretation Based On Secondary Sources Abraham is a man who was patiently waiting for God’s promise. The promise of a son is given in genesis 12 and scholars indicate that he had to wait for 25 years before the promise was fulfilled by God. As argued by Brown, Fitzmyer and Murphy (21), the eighteenth chapter marks the beginning of a climax in Abraham’s narrative. Genesis 18: 1-5 is the first section of a broader picture presented in the whole of genesis 18. This first section focuses on Abraham and his encounter with two men while the rest of the chapter focuses Sara’s place in relation to the promise they had been given by God.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lectio Divina (Genesis 18: 1- 5) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although verses 1-5 of Genesis 18 seem to focus on Abraham’s generosity, they have a connection to the larger text. These verses seem to be mere introductions to th e bigger story beginning from verse 9 onwards (Montgomery, 15). However, on further reflection on the text, interpreting them merely as stage setting or introductory verses proves limited. The generosity expressed by Abraham is typical of the hospitality norm that pervaded Middle East societies (Montgomery, 15). Although it was cultural to be hospitable, Abraham seems to go overboard in his welcome. The lavish attitude towards strangers portrays a man who is keen on not just being culturally right but a blessing to others. Scholars suggest that this has some touch of the promise by God that he would be a blessing to the nations. The men are three which alludes to the trinity (Montgomery, 9). Whether they are all angels or God is represented in the person of one of them is not clear. What is more crucial to note is that Abraham and Sara do not initially connect the presence of the three men with the presence of God. It is only later that they are able to connect the words of the thre e men with God. This is a pointer to the larger theological fact that our encounter with God happens in the basic mundane things of daily living. It is in our daily events, activities and encounters that we experience or encounter God. In the context of the promise they had been given by God, they challenge Abraham and Sara faced was how to continue believing and holding to it in their rather ordinary lives (Montgomery, 13). Nothing out of the ordinary was happening yet in the ordinary they had to recognize and acknowledge God’s sustaining presence and unfailing promise. The final element worthy considering is the identity of the three men. It is only later that they are defined as angels (Brown, Fitzmyer and Murphy, 20). When Abraham sees them, they are ordinary men who in a way needed Abraham’s help. This is also a great pointer that others or fellow men are and should be God’s face to us and among us. Fellow men in essence can be rightly referred to as messen gers of God. Personal Interpretation Following from my lectio divina exercise and the interpretation given above, it is clear that although the reading falls in the larger picture of the promise to Abraham and how it comes to be fulfilled, the Genesis 18: 1-5 has a lot to teach us about encounter with God. We live in a socio-cultural atmosphere that questions the presence and promises of God. Personally I think Abraham also had such like a struggle. God had promised him a child. God had promised him that he was to be the father of nations, a blessing to many nations. However, the reality he was living was that of ordinariness.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The passage states that he was sitting outside on a hot sunny day. This gives a picture of a very rough day. Many people would not find a hot sunny day comfortable. This statement must have an allusion to condit ions of living. It is an indicator to some rough conditions of life occasioned by the weather. This is an indicator that Abraham lived the ordinary conditions of living that were characterized by struggles and hardship. Abraham meets three ordinary men and treats them with reverence and honor. Although Abraham treats the men impeccably, this also was an ordinary happening based on generally accepted cultural norms. What is critical is the fact that it is from these ordinary happenings that Abraham experiences an encounter with God. It is, therefore, valid to infer that God comes and has always come to his people in the ordinary happenings or order of daily living. However, to experience and discern God’s presence, one needs a given disposition. The approach of Abraham to the ordinary is characterized respect, humility and honor. He approached the men and with his face touching down welcomed them. Such an approach is only possible or enabled by a given disposition. From the fo regoing analysis, it would appear valid to conclude that the major theme of Genesis 18: 1-5 is encountering the mystery of God’s presence in the ordinariness of our lives. Brown Raymond Edward, Fitzmyer A. Joseph, Murphy, Roland, Edmund. The New Jerome biblical commentary. 3rd Ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999 Catholic Online Bible. New Jerusalem bible. Retrieved from https://www.catholic.org/bible/ Montgomery M. Robert. An introduction to source analysis of the Pentateuch. Montreal: Abingdon Press, 2008

What are the Differences Between Extroverts and Introverts

What are the Differences Between Extroverts and Introverts The popular belief in society is that extroverts love to talk and introverts are shy. While this might be true for some people, it is not true for all extroverts and introverts. Just like with most things in life, there is a lot of nuance to extroverts and introverts. Take a look at the infographic presented by OfficeVibe  for a better understanding of the differences between extroverts and introverts. Some of these may even apply to you.

Compare and contrast Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Compare and contrast - Assignment Example powerful customer base, great expertise in recommendation software, and opportunities to market through cross-selling† (Furtado, Grosman, & de Souza, n.d., p. 2). Despite its failure to dominate the net, Microsoft still has much strength to sustain competition. Aside from being the most globally recognizable brand, it has a diverse and talented workforce, a good reputation as an employer, and its own online network division (Hafner & Hibert, 2001). Although they have different strengths and products, Amazon and Microsoft share the same market which makes competition inevitable. However, both companies can fare better if they cooperate. First, it would increase the exposure and scope of Amazon products. Secondly, it would provide Microsoft with more assets (e.g. in music retail) and prevent companies like Apple from dominating their respective markets. More importantly, Amazon and Microsoft are more like complimentary companies than competitors. For example, Microsoft could provide the software to Amazon’s Kindle (Perlow, 2010).On the part of the consumers, however, such partnership may not be beneficial. As in traditional trade, online commerce can be monopolized. Monopolies can dictate the online market to their advantage, just as in the case of Google whose â€Å"new formats†¦increase expenses for advertisers† (Edwards, 2010). Scenarios like that would trigger a domino effect that would eventually burden

How to Write a Good Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to Write a Good Paper - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that when writing a good research paper, you, as the author, must first do the research. You need to consider the topic that you want to discuss and decide your stance on that topic. Do you agree or disagree with what it is saying? This is important to know because you are trying to convince your audience of your position by providing them with this paper. The research will allow you to back up your argument, letting your audience see the evidence you have to support your claim. Once you have your resources and the basis of your paper, it is best to write an outline. This will allow you to stay on track when writing your paper and to keep your ideas and facts organized. It will also help you to flesh out your ideas even more, in the case you want to dwell a bit more on certain aspects of your argument. A good thesis statement states quite clearly the purpose of the paper. In one or two sentences, you prepare your audience for what the topic of your paper is; this is what will grasp their attention, letting them know upfront if the paper is something that would interest them. The thesis statement sets up the rest of the paper, whether it is presenting an argument, a claim, or a stance that you take on a certain subject. It acts like "a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper." Following your thesis statement, you should briefly sum up the rest of your paper in a paragraph.

Parameter Dependencies: Problems and Solutions

Parameter Dependencies: Problems and Solutions Abstract This masters thesis concerns development of embedded control systems. Development process for embedded control systems involves several steps, such as control design, rapid prototyping, fixed-point implementation and hardware-in-the-loop-simulations. Another step, which Volvo is not currently using within climate control is on-line tuning. One reason for not using this technique today is that the available tools for this task (ATI Vision, INCA from ETAS or CalDesk from dSPACE) do not handle parameter dependencies in a satisfactory way. With these constraints of today, it is not possible to use online tuning and controller development process is more laborious and time consuming. The main task of this thesis is to solve the problem with parameter dependencies and to make online tuning possible. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Volvo technology (VTEC) is an innovation company that provides expert functions and develops new technology for â€Å"hard† as well as â€Å"soft† products within the transport and vehicle industry. Among other things VTEC is working with embedded control systems. For one of the embedded control systems particularly â€Å"Climate Control Module (CCM)†, VTEC is working with the whole chain. VTEC does this for Volvo Cars, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Construction Equipment, Renault Trucks and Land Rover. The work process for embedded control system developmet is typically as follows: Control Design Rapid Control Prototyping Fixed-Point Implementation Hardwar-In-the-Loop Simulation Online Tuning. It is an iterative process, but there is one problem for the last step, which limits the possibilities of working iteratively. Control design is typically made in MATLAB/Simulink and Fixed-Point implementation is typically made with a tool such as TargetLink. During these steps the parameters may be handled in an m-file. When going to the on-line tuning step however, the parameters are handled in a tool such as ATI Vision, INCA or CalDesk. Once you have taken this step the connection to the m-file is lost. Therefore the last step is somewhat of a one-way step. It is not completely impossible to go back to the earlier steps in the development chain, but the iterative process is not well supported by available on-line tuning tools of today. The following m-script instructions are examples of parameter dependencies that will cause the mentioned problems: Heating = [ -100, -20, 0, 20, 100 ]; BlowerHt = [ 12, 5, 4, 5, 10 ]; Blower_min = min[ BlowerHt]; Defrosting = [ 0, 20, 100 ]; BlowerDef = [ Blower_min, Blower_min, 10 ]; Using the above vectors in interpolation tables, one table with Heating as input vector and BlowerHt as output vector and another table with Defrosting as input vector and BlowerDef as output vector would cause problems during on-line tuning process. Three of the elements are meant to have identical values, but the tools, as it is today would allow them to be tuned individually. This is just one of many constructs, which may be very useful as long as you are in the MATLAB environment but causes problems during the on-line tuning process. 1.2 Goals and objectives The main goals of this masters thesis are: To investigate the problem of parameter dependencies. To find possible solutions. To make online tuning possible for dependency parameters in the development process of embedded control systems.. 2 BACKGROUND 2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2.1.1 History of Embedded Systems In the era of earliest development of computers i.e. 1930-40s, generally computers were capable of doing a single task. Over time with the advancement in technology, traditional electromechanical sequencers presented the concept of programmable controllers using solid state devices. â€Å"One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.†[1] After the early applications in 1960, the prices of embedded systems have come down and their processing power has been increased dramatically. A standard for programmable microcontrollers was released in 1978 by National Engineering Manufacturing Association. This standard was for almost any computer-based controllers for example event-based controllers and single board computers. When the production cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell, it became feasible to replace old, big and expensive components like potentiometers and varicaps with microprocessor read knobs. With the integration of microcontrollers, the application of embedded systems has further increased. The embedded systems are being used into areas where generally computers would not have been considered. Most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself and very few additional components are needed. So because of this most effort is in software area.(last sentence is difficult to understand). 2.1.2 Common Characteristics Embedded Systems have several common characteristics. Uni-Functional: Embedded systems are usually designed to execute only one program but repeatedly. For example, an ordinary scientific calculator will always do only calculations. While on the other hand, a laptop computer can execute an enormous number of different programs, like web browsers, word processors, programming tools and video games. New programs or softwares are added very frequently. Tightly constrained: All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but these constraints can be very tight for embedded systems. A design metric is defined as, â€Å"a measure of an implementations features, such as cost, size, performance, and power†. Embedded systems are often desired to cost just a few dollars, they must be designed for minimum size to fit on a single chip, they must be able to perform fast processing in order to process real-time data, and they must consume minimum power in order to extend battery life or may be to prevent the requirement of a cooling fan. Reactive and real-time: Many embedded systems should be able to continually react to changes in the systems environment. They must also compute certain results in real time without too much delay. For example, a cruise controller in cars have to monitor and react to speed and brake sensors continuously. It must compute acceleration or decelerations repeatedly within quite limited time; a delay in computation of results could result in a fatal failure to maintain control of the car. On the other hand, a desktop computer generally focuses on computations with comparatively infrequent reactions to input devices. In addition, a delay in those computations may perhaps be inconvenient to the user but that does not result in a system failure. 2.2 Model Based Design Model-Based design in short MBD is a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with designing complex control systems. It is used in many industrial equipment designing, automotive and aerospace applications. Here in this thesis our focus is on climate control of new vehicles. This methodology is used in designing embedded software. Embedded software development consists of four steps: Modeling a plant. Analyzing and synthesizing a controller for the plant. Simulating the plant and controller. Integrating all these phases by developing the controller. Model-based design is quite different from the conventional designing method. In this methodology designer use continuous and discrete time building blocks instead of using long and complex software coding. This model based design enables designer to fast prototyping, testing and verification. Along with all these advantages, dynamic effects on the system can also be tested in hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation mode. Some important steps in model-based design approach are: By choosing appropriate algorithm and acquisition of real-world system data, various types of simulations and analysis can be performed before producing a real controller. The model produced in step one is used to identify characteristics of the plant model. Then a controller can be made based on these characteristics. Using this model, the effect of time varying inputs can be analyzed. In this way the possible errors can be eliminated and it is very convenient to change and test any other parameters. Last step is deployment. Advantages of model based design compared with the conventional approach are as follows: Model based design provides common design environment which is important for development groups from the view point of general communication and specifically for data analysis and system verification. Model based design enable engineers to detect and correct errors in early phase of development. This is crucial point for minimizing time and financial impact of system. Model based design can be reused later for upgrading and for derivative systems which are capable to expand. 2.3 ECU DEVELOPMENT 2.3.1 Conventional Approach for ECU Development The conventional approach for electronic control unit, ECU, development is summarized in following four steps: Some experienced personal define the functions and system architecture and then the hardware engineer design the hardware circuit. Control engineer design the control algorithms and a programmer generate a handwritten code for that algorithms. Then these control algorithm program codes and hardware are integrated and tested by system engineer or maybe hardware engineer. Then on the engine test bench the complete system is tested. There are few problems with this conventional approach for ECU development. First and very major problem is that the hardware circuits are made before the confirmation of control rules and results. Only this factor adds a big risk in the process of ECU development. Secondly if some error is encountered during the program code testing, it is very difficult to judge whether the error is because of software codes or in the control algorithms. This programming of the control algorithm is itself a very time consuming process and it take additional time when some errors are encountered and the process of debugging. Since many people from different field of work are involved in this process so coordination between them also take time and it makes the development cost to increase. [2] Thats why the conventional development process can not satisfy the demand of modern age and its requirements. 2.3.2 Modern ECU Development On the bases of integrated development environment, the modern development of electronic control units can be efficiently completed and tested. Using model based simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation it is very easy and convenient to eliminate software errors and to modify the control algorithms. Due to this the development cost is reduced and development efficiency is improved. This modern development process is called V-cycle development process. This process is illustrated in Ffig. 1. (when you use figures from other publications, you have to get permission from the auther. It is not enough to put a reference) Fig. 1. The V-Cycle of model-based software development. [2] This process is summarized as follows: Using very sophisticated tools like MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow and dSPACE TargetLink, the control algorithms are modeled. These control algorithms are confirmed using off-line simulations. The ANSI C code is produced using code generation tool. The one we are using is dSPACE TargetLink. The code produced in above step is compiled and downloaded into the control module and simulation is done in Hardware-in-the-loop mode, which confirms the credibility of the control algorithms. This tested program code of control algorithms is downloaded into the electronic control unit for further test and modification. Finally calibration of the whole control system is done. 2.4 Universal measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP) â€Å"XCP is a standardized and universally applicable protocol with much rationalization potential. It is not only used in ECU development, calibration and programming, it is also used to integrate any desired measurement equipment for prototype development, functional development with bypassing and at SIL(define) and HIL(define) test stands.†[16] For calibration and measurements, it is common practice to connect electronic control units in a *CAN* network. For this purpose CAN calibration protocol is used extensively. With increasing demands of more sophisticated controllers, new electronic control units are becoming more and more complex and for that reason new networks are being developed such as, FlexRay, TTCAN etc.(give references) To meet the needs of new networks, the measurement and calibration protocol should be more generalized and flexible. This generalized and flexible protocol is XCP (Universal measurement and calibration protocol). XCP is independent of transport layers. So in XCP, â€Å"X† generalizes the various transport layers that * Details about CAN are provided in Appendix A. are used by the members of the protocol family e.g. [9] XCP on CAN XCP on FlexRay XCP on Ethernet XCP on USB and so on (you have to refere to each figure) Fig. 2. XCP support for different transport layers [10]. 3 PROBLEM INVESTIGATION This chapter will give answers to the following questions: What is parameter dependency problem? What is the effect of parameter dependency problem on tuning of embedded control systems? What are the difficulties to solve the problem at different platforms? Note: All examples used in this report are only for illustration purposes and are NOT the actual parameters used in climate control module of Volvo Cars and Volvo Trucks. 3.1 Complete process for developing embedded control systems The complete process for developing embedded control systems is illustrated in Ffig. 3. First step of this development process is to define parameters and that can be done in the m-file. These parameter values are loaded into MATLAB base workspace from where TargetLink/Simulink model fetches these values to simulate the process. After checking the simulation results and doing some modifications if required, C-code is generated by TargetLink. That C-code contains all the information about the control algorithm and input values. In the next step the auto-generated C-code is compiled using a Green Hills Suite. Fig. 3. Complete Production(rapid prototyping process?) Process. Green Hills software together with GNU Make and VBF converter is used to generate a map file and VBF file (Volvo Binary Format). This vbf file is downloaded in the embedded controller. The map file is used to generate A2L file using TargetLink. This A2L file is required by the calibration tool (for this project ATI VISION is used for calibration) and then using this calibration tool we can do parameters modifications in ECU. These modifications are also called tuning. 3.2 Parameter Dependency As all parameters are defined in a m-file, some parameters depend on the values of some other parameters. It may also be possible that the values obtained as a result of calculation between two or more parameters are used in the definition of other parameters. So, all those parameters which contain some other parameters or calculations of some other parameters in their definitions are called dependent parameters e.g. In above example parameters: Parameter 2 is dependent on parameter 1. Parameter 4 is dependent on parameter 2 and 3. Parameter 6 is dependent on parameter 2 and 3. 3.3 Reasons for introducing parameter dependencies Thinking of parameter dependencies a question may arise in minds that, â€Å"Why do we need to introduce parameter dependencies at the first place?† Answer to this question is that, when designing a control algorithm in a tool such as Simulink, it is convenient to use named parameters (variables) instead of hard coded numbers (constants). For instance, if the highest fan available corresponds to a voltage of 13.5V. Designer may want to have a parameter for this, so that instead of using the value 13.5 at many instances of algorithm, the name of parameter specified for that value can be used. If one day that hardware is needed to be changed and for new hardware 13.4V is the maximum that can be used for highest fan level, then it is easier to change one parameter value rather than changing many hard coded values at different instances. Sometimes it is good to have one parameter depending on another. For instance in a look-up table, there are several values in each vector and these values may depend on other parameters. It would be rather limiting if a vector or a matrix could only contains hard coded numbers. So, the use of dependent parameters helps keeping a good structure in the algorithm. It makes easier to work with the parameters. 3.4 Statistics about parameter dependency There are quite significant numbers of parameters which are dependent on other parameters. For instance in Climate Control P3, total number of parameters is 1618 out of which 227 parameters are dependent on other parameters and 1391 parameters are independent. We call independent parameters as â€Å"Base Parameters†. Fig.4 Percent of Dependent parameters 3.5 Parameter dependency problem in development process To analyze the problem of parameter dependency, lets walk through the development process of embedded control systems and find out what exactly is the problem with parameter dependencies. As the process starts with parameter definitions in m-file, so the investigation starts from m-file, see Fig. 5.. To visualize this process, an illustration with an example of parameter with dependencies in its definition is shown as follows: Fig.5. Example of parameter definition in m-file. After defining all parameters, the m-file is run in MATLAB. In this step all the values of dependency parameters are evaluated by MATLAB and are loaded into MATLAB base workspace. Precisely during this loading process the dependencies are replaced by their values and any information about the relation of a parameter with dependency parameter is lost. Fig.6. Dependency loss in MATLAB base workspace. As now the dependency information is lost, so this loss will propagate through all the further steps, for example in C-code generation, A2L file and in strategy(?) file. Following F fig 7. shows that the propagation of dependency information loss. So in C-code there is no information with the help of which we can trace dependency parameters. Fig.7 Propagation of dependency loss from MATLAB to C-code. 3.6 Effect of parameter dependencies on development process The problem caused by parameter dependencies comes to the surface during the calibration step. During calibration the values of parameters are tuned. When the information of parameter dependencies is lost, then we have to tune each parameter value individually. This is shown in the Ffollowing fig 8. Fig.8. Effect of dependency loss on development process. So if a parameter is used, for instance, in the definitions of five different parameters, then we have to tune the value of that parameter at those five locations individually. If there is any calculation involved in any parameter definition, then we must do it manually and update the value. This process of changing values manually is very time consuming and error prone. There is another possibility that to avoid doing these calculations and tuning parameter values individually. We can change the parameter values in the original m-file, where we have all parameter definitions and repeat the complete process again. This is very laborious work and it also takes a lot of time, so this possibility is not so feasible. 4 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS As the complete process for developing embedded controllers is a multistage process and it depends on four highly sophisticated software platforms. So there can be different approaches to solve the dependency information loss. Following are the possible platforms for doing modifications in order to handle the dependency loss problem. MATLAB TargetLink model C-code Calibration tool Separate windows application Following is the in depth analysis of above mentioned platforms and possibility of finding a feasible solution. 4.1 Parameter dependencies and MATLAB When m-script, containing all parameter definitions, is run in MATLAB, all parameter values are evaluated and stored in MATLAB base workspace. Right at this first step dependency information in m-script is lost. The Rreason of this loss is that MATLAB base workspace support values belonging to only one class type. That can be â€Å"char†, â€Å"double†, â€Å"struct† or any other class but the values can not belong to a mixture of two or more class types, i.e., values cannot consist of two elements of an array belonging to â€Å"char† class and other elements of array belonging to â€Å"double† class.(I guess that a struct can consist of chars as well of doubles) Fig.9. Supported Class types in MATLAB base workspace. In our case of parameter dependency for example, we have an array of eighth elements. Second element and eighth element of our example array are names of some other parameters, so these names belongs to char class and rest of elements of that array are numerical values belonging to double class. So MATLAB evaluates the values of dependency parameters and replace all names with their corresponding values and our dependency information is lost. Although there is a function in MATLAB called â€Å"eval† and this function can be used instead of dependency parameter name but this does not solve our problem because this function will evaluate the values of those parameters and eventually its the value of parameter which is updated in the base workspace and dependency information is still filtered out. Moral of the story is that we can not do anything in MATLAB to save our dependency information until unless MathWorks do some changes in MATLAB so that base workspace would be able to support values belonging to different classes in same definition. 4.2 Parameter dependencies and TargetLink In TargetLink we can use custom lookup tables and we can include custom code. Let us suppose for a moment that by adding these custom lookup tables and using some extra blocks we manage to introduce lost dependency information in TargetLink model. But when TargetLink will generate C-code, most probably it will evaluate all those values and resulting values will be included in C-code. There are two reasons for this behavior of TargetLink: First reason is that, TargetLink work inside MATLAB so all the calculations are done in MATLAB and we face the same problem as described previously. Second reason is that, dSPACE claims that TargetLink generates C-code in the most efficient way, because this C-code is flashed into controller in binary format, so it is the maximum effort of TargetLink to keep C-code as small as possible because of the limited memory of ECU and demand of high operational speed. So TargetLink does not generate extra variables and pointer in C-code until unless some significant changes are done in TargetLink by dSPACE. 4.3 Parameter dependencies and C-code C-code generated by TargetLink can be modified and it is possible to add any kind of extra information but there are two reasons which make this possibility impracticable. First reason is that, this C-code will be flashed into ECU and there is very limited memory in the control unit and bigger C-code will result into a less efficient embedded controller. Second reason which makes this possibility impracticable is that. iIt requires a lot of manual labor every time we change something. This is also error prone. 4.4 Parameter dependencies and Calibration tool In calibration tool like ATI VISION, there is an option to use script written in Vision scripting language or in Visual basic. Instead of doing manual calibration we can automate calibration using the script. In our case, we have matrices with dependencies. So in order to do calibration using thescripting option we have to write function for doing matrix calculations and then that script must be able to evaluate dependencies according to new values. So this option is not so feasible. 4.5 Separate windows application After analyzing all possibilities only one option is left. That is to develop a separate windows application which will extract dependency information from m-script, calculate the values of dependency parameters according to the values tuned in calibration tool and will implement those new values of dependencies back in calibration tool. 5 SELECTED SOLUTION After analysis of all possible solutions, it is deducted that the most feasible solution to the dependency loss problem is a separate windows application which: Extracts dependency information from m-file. Gets tuned parameter values from calibration tool. Calculates all values corresponding to those tuned parameter values. And implements updated values of dependency parameters back in calibration tool. 5.1 Reasons for selecting this solution Among other solutions we have selected development of â€Å"separate windows application†, as a feasible solution. Major reasons for selecting this solution are as follows: Selected solution which is developing a separate windows application does not need any modification of present softwares. This solution is fast, no extra licenses are required for this and it works just according to our requirements. If we choose any solution which includes modification in software tools, then that involves the involvement of tool makers. That process of convincing toolmakers to modify their software according to our requirements and if they agree then the process of developing and releasing new version of software may take very long time. Tool makers would charge a great sum of money to make specified changes or for making an add-on application for the softwares. 5.2 Overview of solution The solution is an application named â€Å"Dependency Calibrator†. It works in two steps. In the first step the m-file is parsed and the information of dependency parameter along with their location in parent parameter areis extracted and rearranged in a way that it can be used in the second step that is calibration. During the second part of the process, first of all the application will import data from VISION so that if user has tuned any value in calibration tool, that data will be updated in MATLAB and then the application will do calculations in MATLAB after that new values obtained as a result of those calculation will be updated again back to VISION. This cyclic process from VISION to MATLAB and back to VISION will update parameter values. If user has changed values which was used by other parameters, those new values will be updated on all locations where they are used. This is shown in the following figFig. 10.. Fig. 10. Overview of solution. The application â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† is divided into two parts. Parser Calibrator Detailed explanation of how this application isn working is as follows. 5.3 Required Softwares Parser works without any requirement of external software but in order to run â€Å"Calibrator† following softwares must be installed on your system: MATLAB R2007b ATI VISION 3.5.3 MATLAB is automatically launched by the application but make sure to launch ATI VISION before you use â€Å"Calibrator† part of â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† application. 5.4 Project file Project file is a key to control the â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† application. Instead of using hard coded paths for different files used in this application, an option is given to the users to select their desired locations. These locations can be specified in a separate file which is named as project file. In this project file the instructions can be given after certain tags. One must be very careful because these tags should not be altered. While user inputs can be given after the symbol â€Å"@†. â€Å"Dependency Calibrator† application is in fact capable of handling multiple m-files and multiple c-files. Directory path for these files can be specifies in project file. Project file contains following tags: VISIONs Device Name @ : After this tag, name of the hardware device which is used in the VISION device tree, should be given. For example, VISIONs Device Name @ PCM Or VISIONs Device Name @ CCM Path of m File @ : After this tag the full path for m-file should be given. If number of m-files is more than one, then this tag followed by file path of those m-files should be given on a new line. Parser will read all these files and will merge them into one file. For example, Path of m File @ C:FolderNamesubFolderFile_Name.m Path of m File @ C:FolderName2subFolder2File_Name2.m Root directory for c files @ : In general practice c files can be generated in different folders but their root directory remains same. So in order to avoid repeating same address and to minimize the chances of error this tag is introduced in project file. So after this tag path of root directory for c files should be specified. Please note that there should be no â€Å"† at the end of root directory path. For example: Root directory for c files @ D:ABC_XYZsubFoldersubSub Folders containing c-files @: After this tag the names of folders which contain c files should be specified. If there are more than one folder containing c files then those folders names should be added after a comma â€Å",†. The parser will then search these folders for all c files contained in them. For example: Folders containing c-files @ FolderMedCfiles,subFoldercFolder Root Output Directory @: This tag should be followed by the path for required location where the user wants the application to generate all files. For example: Root Output Directory @ C: Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters @: After this tag, there should be the path for the file containing names of those parameters which are not calibratable but they are desired to be calibrated in VISION. Those names should be exactly the same as defined in m-file, followed by underscore â€Å"_† and followed by any desired word or character. For example: Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters @ C:ExtraParNames.txt 5.5 Parser The F first part of the complete dependency calibration process is the parser. When â€Å"Parser† is executed, a window appears showing two options, â€Å"Load Project Fil

Istanbul Essay

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and most croweded too. Istanbul connects two diffrent countinents a with bridge, these are Asia and Europe. I chosed Istanbul because . Its where I live and I think its the most beatiful city in the world. There is no such a city like Istanbul.Istanbul connects two diffrent continents Asia and Europe with Bosphorus bridge. You can eat your meal near the Bosphorus Bridge, its really beatiful you can feel the wind of Bosphorus and watch the sea.Istanbul has chosen Capital of Culture in 2012.Istanbul has a lot of countys. Popular ones are Taksim,Beyoglu,Besiktas, KadÄ ±kà ¶oy.Taksim is a great place to visit in the morning you can see the historical side of the Taksim,There is a lot of ancient Churchs and Mosques in taksim,and you can go to shopping . Taksim has a long road with a lot of Shops where you can buy everything you want and Restaurant where you can eat everything you want.Shortly you can find everything you want at the Taksim. Nightlif e in taksim is great too. There is Night clubs,Bars,Discos which are good places to have fun.On the other hand Istanbul has great hisctorical side too. Istanbul has known as Constatninpole in the time of Ottoman Empire. The Most popular ones are TopkapÄ ± Palace which was build in 1459 for the Sultan. Sultan-Ahmed Mosque is a historic mosques in Istanbul. The mosque is also knows as the Blue Mosques as too.Because for the blue tiles adorning the walls of its interior.This mosque is speacial because Sultan Ahmed Mosque got (six) Minarets which a great Architect.I would recommend this city to anyone who is able to visit Istanbul. Istanbul is best city for ones who love history and fun.A lot of activites can done, for example eating fish at the Boshphorus near the sea.

Make Colored Fire in Every Color of the Rainbow

Benefits Of A Healthy Nutrition - 880 Words

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